City and Regional Planning / Şehir ve Bölge Planlama

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/4274

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Class Dimension of Housing Inequalities in the New Era of Liberalization: a Case Study in Ankara
(Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, 2008) Akpınar, Figen; Akpınar, Figen; 02.03. Department of City and Regional Planning; 02. Faculty of Architecture; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology
Ekonominin küresel yeniden yapılanmasının kentin yerel coğrafyasına iki tür etkisinden söz edebilir. Birincisi, tabakalaşma örüntüsünün değişmesidir. Bir tarafta finans sektörü ve ihtisaslaşmış hizmetlerde çalışan üst-düzey profesyonellerden oluşan yeni bir tabaka ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bunu izleyen ise, niteliksiz işgücü talep eden işlerdeki artıştır. Yeni dönemin bir özelliği olarak kabul edilen eşitsizlik, kendisini hem boyut olarak, hem de sosyal ve mekânsal farklılaşmalar biçiminde göstermektedir. Toplumsal eşitsizlik yeni bir olgu değildir, ancak yeni döneme özgü olan bu eşitsizliğin boyutlarıyla birlikte sosyal ve mekânsal kutuplaşma ortaya çıkmaktadır. Küresel iş bölümündeki yeniden yapılanmanın bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan yeni sınıfsal katmanlaşma ve bunların belirlediği mekânsal tercihler, kentlerde yeni ayrışma akslarının oluşmasına yol açmaktadır. Yeni dönemin yarattığı eşitsizliklerin ölçümünde genellikle üretim alanındaki işgücü piyasası odaklı gelir ve kazanç farklılıkları öne çıkmaktadır. Sosyal tabakalaşma çalışmaları genellikle üretim süreçlerini dikkate almakta, yeniden üretim süreçlerini hesaba katmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada üretim ve yeniden üretim süreçlerinin birbiriyle ilişkisi ve etkileşimi alan çalışmasıyla irdelenmiştir. Burada önemli soru, mekânsal ayrışmanın sınıf formasyonunu nasıl etkilediğidir. İki önemli unsur karşımıza çıkmaktadır, bir, sınıf yapısı ve iki, mekânsal dağılım. Bu unsurlar sınıf yapısının ayrışma üzerindeki etkisi ve sınıfların ekonomik olarak nasıl kutuplaştığı üzerinedir. Pek çok araştırmacı ise kentin farklı pek çok eşitsizlik kaynağı olduğunu ve bunların sadece iş ve iş yerinde üretilen eşitsizliklere bağlanamayacağını savunmaktadırlar. Bu görüş, ücret eşitsizliklerinin kentsel eşitsizlikler arasında önemsiz sayılması anlamına gelmemekte, ancak bireylerin yaşam fırsatlarının doğrudan ücretleriyle bağıntılı olduğu kadar dolaylı olarak farklı kaynaklarla da belirlendiği kabulüne dayanmaktadır. Sınıf ve konut sahipliğinin çapraz etkisi, araştırmacıları bekleyen çalışma alanlarıdır ve çalışmada bu etkileşim incelenmektedir. Üretim ve yeniden üretim süreçlerini ele alan yeni bir kavramsallaştırmaya ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Sonuç bulgular, 1990 sonrası ve 2000’li yılların başında Ankara’nın sosyal tabakalaşmasında küreselleşme söylemine uygun bazı ipuçları göstermekle birlikte, içsel dinamiklerin varlığını da ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma, gelir eşitsizliklerinin farklı sınıfsal konum ve konuta özgü farklılıklarına dair net bir profil sunmaktadır. Çalışmada Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü’nün “Hane Halkı Gelir ve Tüketim Harcamaları” anketleri kullanılmıştır. Anketler 1994 yılının tamamı ve 2001 yılının ilk üç ayına aittir. Bu anketler, hane halkı ve hane halkını oluşturan bireylerin gelir, tüketim harcamaları ve sosyoekonomik profillerine yönelik ayrıntılı bilgiler içermektedir. İstatistiksel modelleme olarak Uyum Analizi (Correspondence Analysis) kullanılmıştır. Analiz, sosyal bilimlerde sıklıkla kullanılan kategorik değişkenlerin görsel bir haritasını sunmakta ve bu harita üzerinde fiziki uzaklıklar sosyo-mekânsal farklılıkların izdüşümü haline gelmektedir. Grafik üzerinde birbirine yakın olan noktaların (hanehalklarının) aynı sınıf pozisyonuna dahil olmaları yüksek olasılıklıdır. Bu yöntem plancıların sosyal sınıf temelli mekânsal ayrışma, eğitim, istihdam, tüketim, yaşam tarzları gibi şimdiye değin kendilerine uzak konular olarak gördükleri ve mekânla ilişki kurmakta zorlandıkları olguların haritalanmasına olanak tanımaktadır. Araştırma ve sonuçları, bu bağlamda kent araştırmalarına yeni bir boyut kazandırmaktadır.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 1
Contribution of the Personal Rapid Transit (prt) Systems To the Road Safety: a Scenario-Based Comparative Evaluation
(Hong Kong Society for Transportation Studies, 2012) Duvarcı, Yavuz; Akpınar, Figen; Akpınar, Figen; Duvarcı, Yavuz; 02.03. Department of City and Regional Planning; 02. Faculty of Architecture; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology
Though the number of "real ground" PRT projects are few, it can be possible to deduce some hypothetical safety conclusions. For the very optimist assumption that the control algorithms will only "allow" them to operate in non-collision mode on the network, the safety figures are re-evaluated for two urban settings: First (1) is the case where the urban design was fully recreated based on PRT system. The other (2) is the hypothetical PRT system would be embedded into the existing transportation system. The two cases of the safety measures and cost figures are compared to evaluate the opportunities and pitfalls by the application of a PRT system via the scenario analysis. By doing so, after description of the present situation, there comes the construction of possible alternative futures to compare with the present one. It can be deduced that, even if the safety figures of PRT system are hypothetical, PRT-based urban environments promise a lot in terms of safety levels (as far as 80 per cent) with, however, the expense of financial burden for the local government. Yet, for low-cost solution, PRT-embedded urban environments also provide promising results compared to "doing nothing" as far as 30 per cent reductions, in accidents in total and 44 per cent in deaths.
Evaluation of the Conservation Activities in the Historical Settlement Tenedos-Bozcaada Island
(WITPress, 2011) Akpınar, Figen; Karakaya, Emel; Saygın, Nicel; Saygın, Nicel; Karakaya, Emel; Akpınar, Figen; 02.03. Department of City and Regional Planning; 02. Faculty of Architecture; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology
The efforts for the conservation of cultural heritage in historical settlements are a highly problematic and multi-faceted issue in Turkey. Although the conservation legislation dates back 50 years, the cultural heritage has not been internalized and not accepted in wider parts of the society and, has not found a solid political base. The historical and cultural heritage areas are mostly marketed for tourism and turned into places as the simulacrum of the elitist and middle class tastes. Tenedos (Bozcaada) Island inherits the rich cultural heritage of two millennia. The Island is in danger of losing its social, cultural and multi-ethnical characteristic where Turkish and Greek societies live harmoniously. The architectural, economic and ecological values are also in danger because of the rise of touristic activities and the construction of vacation homes as well as the State's withdrawal to provide subsidy to the agricultural sector that took place after the 1980s in parallel with the general economic policies adopting global economic restructuring. The objective of the paper is to highlight the multidimensional character of the social and spatial process which is enmeshed in the conservation activities of the Island. The values and norms, social, economic considerations in the conservation activities need a new approach and, without existence of a common will and a wider participation of the society it is hard to expect any success in the conservation of the rich cultural values, and to assess, develop and carry them into the future. A bundle of techniques are used: a large survey analysis of the area is realized and its social, historical and physical characteristics are documented. Questionnaires, in-depth interviews are used in order to detect the difficulties for conservation of the heritage in part of the responsible public bodies. The public and tourism sector opinions, thoughts and aspirations are surveyed. Even though, the preservation of Tenedos Island's cultural heritage appears to be a difficult challenge, there seems to be some positive clues for the future. © 2011 WIT Press.
Historic Collective Shelter as Heritage: the Cases in Hurşidiye, Kurtuluş and Sakarya Neighborhoods in Konak, Izmir
(İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2021) Hamamcıoğlu Turan, Mine; Toköz, Özge Deniz; Akpınar, Figen; Hamamcıoğlu Turan, Mine; Toköz, Özge Deniz; Akpınar, Figen; 02.02. Department of Architecture; 02.03. Department of City and Regional Planning; 02.01. Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage; 02. Faculty of Architecture; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology
Historical collective shelters, yahuthanes or cortejos, are an alternative form of housing that were developed to provide secure sheltering of the groups who were disadvantaged in terms of economic, social, and cultural aspects in the Ottoman city. They have played a significant role in history as a building type that made possible cohabitation of groups, with moral and material problems, and struggling to maintain their integrity despite hardship. This study deals with a group of historical collective shelters in the traditional commercial center of Izmir dating mainly to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The objective is to understand the historic evolution of collective shelters (yahuthane, cortejo) in Hursidiye, Kurtulus and Sakarya neighborhoods of Konak district in Izmir, to define their cultural values, to analyze their social and spatial development, to present their physical characteristics and evaluate their preservation problems. Eleven collective shelters were documented in the studied site, which is a portion of the traditional commercial center of Izmir (Kemeralti). The site comprehends the ruins of the Roman Agora and the remains of the public buildings dating to the pre-modernization period of the Ottoman Empire as well as the late Ottoman urban layout. As a method, the preliminary studies were reviewed, the land registers were surveyed, the present base map together with the historical maps were overlapped and the case studies were conducted using conventional techniques of architectural and urban conservation. The study has documented the interaction of Muslim and Jewish communities and how the collective living habits of these ethnic groups living in collective shelters differed from standard residential life at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries in the traditional commercial center of Izmir. Though collective shelters in the historic center of Izmir have been studied in the literature, their specific location on the map was not available. This study has provided locations of the shelters and evaluated the architectural characteristics of their remains. The traces and remains of the historic collective shelters should be preserved as elements contributing to the integrity of the multi layered city.
Citation - WoS: 3
Citation - Scopus: 2
Sociospatial Segregation and Consumption Profile of Ankara in the Context of Globalization
(Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, 2009) Akpınar, Figen; Akpınar, Figen; 02.03. Department of City and Regional Planning; 02. Faculty of Architecture; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology
The ‘’Global City Hypothesis’’ argues that the economic restructuring of the new global economy produces highly uneven and polarized employment structure in urban society (1). Today, large global cities are marked by unusually high levels of income inequality. The significant increase in foreign investment and the arrival of the multi-national corporations along with the major accounting, advertising, and marketing firms and the fashion, design and entertainment industry caused changes both in spatial and demographic configuration and the internal structure of large metropolitan cities. The consequence of the economic restructuring is ‘class polarization’ characterized by a number of high income professionals and managerial jobs, and a vast population of low income causal, informal and temporary forms at the bottom. The effects of liberalization policies resulted in unprecedented fragmentation and polarization within the ‘middle class’ with the worsening public sector functionaries as some employees of the multinational firms had become wealthier (Kandiyoti, 2002, 5). This new wealth has engendered new social groups characterized as ‘young professionals’ or ‘new job elite’ with an increasingly educated cohorts of leading business with affluent lifestyles and consumption patterns similar to their global counterparts. Though such changes and processes occur to some extent in most developed world cities, the approach by the global city theorists seems to be accepted as the valid and elucidative pattern in general, and imposes a kind of generalization that in reality there are more counter evidences even in leading world cities and other metropolitan areas of the world which reveal different pattern (Maloutas, 2007, 734).
Urban Protection And Renewal Dilemma: İzmir Mezarlıkbaşı
(İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, 2021) Akpınar, Figen; Toköz, Özge Deniz; Turan, Mine; Hamamcıoğlu Turan, Mine; Toköz, Özge Deniz; Akpınar, Figen; 02.02. Department of Architecture; 02.03. Department of City and Regional Planning; 02.01. Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage; 02. Faculty of Architecture; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology
At the beginning of the 21st century, efforts to preserve cultural heritage in historical settlements is a highly problematic and multi-faceted issue in Turkey. Al-though conservation legislation dates back to 60 years ago, heritage conservation has not been internalized and accepted in the wider part of society, and, has not established a sound political foundation. On the other, however, there is also a lack of integrated land-use planning and management. The purpose of this study is to present the difficulties of dealing with the conservation, renewal, and regeneration for heritage areas in the historic core of İzmir, Mezarlıkbaşı-Kemeraltı, as well as to discuss the intrinsic physical qualities, dynamic characters and diversity of community groups with a view of new spatial agenda. The objective of the study is therefore twofold: 1) documentation of the physical characteristics and values for understanding the place; 2) to evaluate incorporating integrated strategic planning and management approach pointing the need for incorporating, leadership, partnership, integration and inclusion as a policy guideline for the safeguarding the heritage area. Our findings show that the Municipality of İzmir has made a significant attempt as TARKEM’s leadership position, which has succeeded in attracting national and international interest in Kemeraltı and creating opportunities for the future, but partnership (operation), management (structure) and inclusion (its processes) still lack. Community groups are not seen as part of the planning activities and planning has been remote, fragmented and exclusively missing an integrated planning management approach. © 2021, Istanbul Teknik Universitesi, Faculty of Architecture. All rights reserved.
Using Personal Rapid Transit as an Effective Transport Solution in Historical Downtown Areas: a Case From Historic Kemeraltı, İzmir
(TMMOB Şehir Plancıları Odası, 2023) Duvarcı, Yavuz; Akpınar, Figen; Akpınar, Figen; Duvarcı, Yavuz; 02.03. Department of City and Regional Planning; 02. Faculty of Architecture; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology
Many issues related to the conservation of urban heritage are closely related to the transit system and the use of private trans-portation. Regeneration, revitalization, and/or heritage conser-vation are not properly managed due to problems arising directly from inconvenient transport solutions that cannot provide or resolve the accessibility and mobility needs of vulnerable groups together with inappropriate space management while indirectly causing economic shrinkage and loss of vitality. Furthermore, even if modern modes of transportation are used, they will cause significant environmental and societal difficulties, making them unsuitable for such sensitive places. This article, using a micro -simulation approach, investigates whether a Personal Rapid Tran-sit system is physically applicable, and whether it can meet exist-ing travel requirements to prove that it is sufficient for the needs of local level mobility, and finally whether other environmental/ social impacts such that land use, air pollution, safety, sustainabil-ity are positive or negative. As a method, these outputs of the system application are presented as validations of the usefulness of the PRT. Finally, it was found that there is a gain in productiv-ity in terms of mobility as well as other socio-economic benefits besides the physical applicability of the method. The study's goal is to get the information out about how PRT technology may help produce more ecologically friendly and sustainable solutions while also conserving historical assets.

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