Rasmi, YousefKirboga, Kevser KubraRoshanravan, NedaTekin, BurcuJalali, LadanGhazizadeh, Farid2025-06-252025-06-2520251746-07941746-0808https://doi.org/10.1080/17460794.2025.2491202https://hdl.handle.net/11147/15581Recent evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 is associated with the endocrine system, particularly growth hormone (GH). GH modifies immune responses and its deficiency could be responsible for the uncontrolled immunity that occurs in severe cases of COVID-19. Recent research shows that patients suffering from lung complications have significantly lower levels of GH and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which are proportionate to the severity of the disease. This relationship supports the hypothesis that GH regulates the immunity and inflammatory processes of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, variables such as age, gender, and comorbidities, such as diabetes and obesity, which are associated with lower GH levels, are strong predictors of COVID-19 outcomes. Older individuals and men, who tend to have lower GH levels, are disproportionately represented among severely ill patients. The available evidence suggests that GH supplementation therapy should be evaluated as a supportive measure to reduce the severity of the disease in high-risk individuals. The main goal of the research is to understand how COVID-19 is related to GH so that researchers can identify new mechanisms of pathology and develop better solutions for patients.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessGrowth HormoneCovid-19Sars-Cov-2Risk FactorsInfectionArticle2-s2.0-10500271889510.1080/17460794.2025.2491202