Jovanovic, B.Baran, EzgiGoetz, F. W.Palic, D.2017-03-012017-03-012011Jovanović, B., Baran, E., Goetz, F. W., and Palić, D. (2011). Effects of different lipopolysaccharide preparations on neutrophil function in the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Rafinesque. Journal of Fish Diseases, 34(11), 877-880. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01298.x0140-77750140-7775http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01298.xhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/4932The fish innate immune response to pathogensrelies on the adequate function of neu trophilicgranulocytes (Palic´, Andreasen, Herolt, Menzel &Roth 2006). The ability of neutrophils to phago-cytose microor ganisms and cellular debris is essen-tial for normal development an d survival of animalpopulations (Segal 2005). The evaluation of neu-trophil function is valuable for assessing the healthstatus of individuals and fish populations (Smith &Lumsden 1983). Resistance of fishes to septic shockand tolerance to high concentrations of lipopoly-saccharide (LPS) was observed as a major differencebetween mammalian and fish innate immuneresponses (Berczi, Bertok & Bereznai 1966). Thisfunctional difference could be attri buted to severalcostimulatory molecules and intracellular mediatorsbeing absent in fish, but active in mammals duringresponse to LPS stimulation (Iliev, Roach, Mac-kenzie, Planas & Goetz 2005). Most fish do notpossess a Toll-like receptor (TLR) with sequencesimilarity to mammalian TLR4 (Leulier & Lemai-tre 2008) and the ones that do have no ability forTLR4 downstream signalling (Sepulcre, Alcaraz-Perez, Lopez-Munoz, Roca, Meseguer, Cayuela &Mulero 2009). Regardless of the absence andfunctionality of TLR4 and costimulatory molecules,bacterial LPS can induce a robus t inflammatorygene response in innate immune fish cells, but atconcentrations 1000-fold higher than is commonlyobserved in mammalian species ( lgmL)1vs.ng mL)1) (Palic´, Ostojic, Andreasen & Roth2007; Mackenzie, Roher, Boltan˜a & Goetz 2010).In contrast, ultrapure LPS preparations are rela-tively inactive in fish (Iliev et al. 2005).eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessCrude lipopolysaccharideImmunologyNeutrophil functionPeptidoglycansArticle2-s2.0-8005401262910.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01298.x10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01298.x