Kadiroglu, PinarKilincli, BetulIlgaz, CerenBayindir, Zerrin SezginKelebek, HasimHelvacioglu, SelinOzhan, Gunes2025-08-272025-08-2720250022-51421097-0010https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.70087https://hdl.handle.net/11147/18380BACKGROUND: Olive leaves are rich in bioactive compounds with potential health benefits; however, their limited bioavailability and stability hinder their effective utilization. Emerging technologies, nanocarrier-based delivery systems, have shown promise in enhancing these properties. RESULTS: The optimal conditions for proniosome formulation were 50 rpm rotational speed and 35 degrees C, achieving 81.20 +/- 0.80% encapsulation efficiency. Particle sizes ranged from 188.6 to 248.9 nm, with a zeta potential of similar to-30 mV, indicating high stability and resistance to aggregation. Advanced instrumental analysis confirmed interactions between the extract and proniosome components. After 30 days at 4 degrees C, extract-loaded proniosomes maintained better homogeneity and lower polydispersity index. Cytotoxicity studies showed that both the extract and its proniosomal form were nontoxic to HEK293T cells up to 200 mu g mL(-1). In zebrafish assays, minimal larval mortality was observed up to 3200 mu g mL(-1) for the extract, while no mortality occurred up to 1600 mu g mL(-1) for the proniosomal extract, highlighting its improved safety profile. CONCLUSION: The findings from this research could contribute to the advancement of sustainable and health-promoting food innovations by integrating cutting-edge nanotechnology-driven encapsulation strategies into plant-based food formulations. (c) 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessFermented Olive LeafProniosomesCharacterizationZebrafish ModelArticle2-s2.0-10501214367910.1002/jsfa.70087