WoS İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu / WoS Indexed Publications Collection
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Browsing WoS İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu / WoS Indexed Publications Collection by Publication Category "Diğer"
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Correction 3D modelling of surface spreading and underground dam groundwater recharge: Egri creek subbasin, Turkey(Springer, 2023) Şahin, Yavuz; Tayfur, GökmenArticle Adsorpsiyon ile Virüslerin Giderilmesine İlişkin Bir İnceleme(Gazi Üniversitesi, 2021) Eren, Muhammet Şakir Abdullah; Tanaydın, Elif Sıla; Arslanoğlu, Hasan; Çiftçi, Harun2020 yılında Çin’in Hubei eyaletinin Vuhan şehrinden neredeyse tüm ülkelere yayılan Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2 Enfeksiyonu)’un potansiyel tehlikeleri, dünya çapında bilim insanlarının ilgi odağı olmuştur. Covid-19’un pnömoniden ağır akut solunum yolu enfeksiyonlarına ve böbrek yetmezliğinden ölüme kadar uzanan ciddi etki süreçleri milyonlarca insan için tehdidini sürdürmektedir. Ortaya çıkan yeni viral enfeksiyonlarda uygun tedavi protokollerinin geliştirilmesi için pandemik türlerin izolasyonu büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bunun için yeni yöntemlerin yanında mevcut yöntemlerin de geliştirilmesi gereklidir. Virüsler doğada canlı formda bulunmazlar ve genetik materyalini aktarabilmek için başka canlılara ihtiyaç duyarlar. Ayrıca izole edilmiş yüzeylerde hızla inaktif hale getirilebilirler. Bu yönüyle su kaynakları ve hava en önemli iletim vasıtaları olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Virüslerin yayılmasının önüne geçmede ve onları etkisiz hale getirmede iletim vasıtalarına yönelik adsorpsiyon işlemleri uygulanabilmektedir. Bu derlemede, virüslerin karbonlu, oksitli, gözenekli materyaller ve metal organik kafes yapıları içeren çeşitli adsorbanlarla etkileşimleri incelendi. Su ve hava arıtmasında kullanılan adsorbanların hedef türleri adsorplama işlemlerinde elektrostatik etkileşimlerin daha etkili olduğu belirlendi. Virüs yüzeyinin çeşitli organik fonksiyonel grupları taşıması nedeniyle farklı adsorbanlar ile elektrostatik etkileşime geçeceği ve bu şekilde de onların uzaklaştırılarak hem izole edilmesi hem de etkisiz hale getirilmesi mümkün görülmektedir. Çalışmamızın Koronavirüsler dahil diğer patojenlerin hava ve su kaynaklarına uygulanacak adsorpsiyon işlemleri ile yayılmalarının engellenmesine ve belirtilen iletim vasıtalarının dezenfekte edilmesine yönelik etkili çözümlere katkı sağlayacağını düşünmekteyiz.Review Citation - WoS: 15Citation - Scopus: 14Advancement in the Modeling and Design of Composite Pressure Vessels for Hydrogen Storage: a Comprehensive Review(Mdpi, 2024) Bouhala, Lyazid; Karatrantos, Argyrios; Reinhardt, Heiner; Schramm, Norbert; Akin, Beril; Rauscher, Alexander; Tanoglu, MetinThe industrial and technological sectors are pushing the boundaries to develop a new class of high-pressure vessels for hydrogen storage that aim to improve durability and and endure harsh operating conditions. This review serves as a strategic foundation for the integration of hydrogen tanks into transport applications while also proposing innovative approaches to designing high-performance composite tanks. The goal is to offer optimized, safe, and cost-effective solutions for the next generation of high-pressure vessels, contributing significantly to energy security through technological advancements. Additionally, the review deepens our understanding of the relationship between microscopic failure mechanisms and the initial failure of reinforced composites. The investigation will focus on the behavior and damaging processes of composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs). Moreover, the review summarizes relevant simulation models in conjunction with experimental work to predict the burst pressure and to continuously monitor the degree of structural weakening and fatigue lifetime of COPVs. Simultaneously, understanding the adverse effects of in-service applications is vital for maintaining structural health during the operational life cycle.Article Citation - WoS: 46Citation - Scopus: 50Advances in Electrospun Fiber-Based Flexible Nanogenerators for Wearable Applications(Wiley-VCH Verlag, 2021) Arıca, Tuğçe Aybüke; Isık, Tuğba; Güner, Tuğrul; Horzum, Nesrin; Demir, Mustafa M.In today's digital age, the need and interest in personal and portable electronics shows a dramatic growth trend in daily life parallel to the developments in sensors technologies and the internet. Wearable electronics that can be attached to clothing, accessories, and the human body are one of the most promising subfields. The energy requirement for the devices considering the reduction in device sizes and the necessity of being flexible and light, the existing batteries are insufficient and nanogenerators have been recognized a suitable energy source in the last decade. The mechanical energy created by the daily activities of the human body is an accessible and natural energy source for nanogenerators. Fiber-structured functional materials contribute to the increase in energy efficiency due to their effective surface to volume ratio while providing the necessary compatibility and comfort for the movements in daily life with its flexibility and lightness. Among the potential solutions, electrospinning stands out as a promising technique that can meet these requirements, allowing for simple, versatile, and continuous fabrication. Herein, wearable electronics and their future potential, electrospinning, and its place in energy applications are overviewed. Moreover, piezoelectric, triboelectric, and hybrid nanogenerators fabricated or associated with electrospun fibrous materials are presented.Review Citation - WoS: 11Citation - Scopus: 12Advancing Titanium-Based Surfaces Via Micro-Arc Oxidation With Solid Substance Incorporation: a Systematic Review(Elsevier, 2024) Ogur, Ezgi; Alves, Alexandra C.; Toptan, FatihDespite possessing numerous superior properties, titanium, and its alloys exhibit inadequacies in terms of tribocorrosion, bioactivity, and antimicrobial characteristics. In recent years, there has been a rapid increase in research focusing on micro-arc oxidation (MAO) surface treatments to enhance these properties. In the traditional MAO approach, researchers commonly investigate the introduction of additional functionalities to the surface through ion doping. However, over the past decade, studies have indicated that the inclusion of solid substances, either as substitutes for or in conjunction with ion doping, can provide further advantages in terms of multifunctionality. Therefore, this review comprehensively and systematically examines the characteristics of solid substances used during MAO, their incorporation mechanisms, and their influence on resulting biological and degradation behaviors, as well as properties such as photocatalytic activity, magnetic features, hightemperature oxidation resistance, electrical insulation, and thermal shock resistance. This review showed that the integration of solid substances during MAO represents a promising avenue for achieving multifunctional surface enhancements in titanium and its alloys. This review highlights the diverse range of properties and behaviors influenced by these solid substances, offering insights for future research and applications in the field of surface engineering and biomaterials science.Article Citation - WoS: 91Citation - Scopus: 106Algorithms for the De Novo Sequencing of Peptides From Tandem Mass Spectra(Taylor & Francis, 2011-10) Allmer, JensProteomics is the study of proteins, their time- and location-dependent expression profiles, as well as their modifications and interactions. Mass spectrometry is useful to investigate many of the questions asked in proteomics. Database search methods are typically employed to identify proteins from complex mixtures. However, databases are not often available or, despite their availability, some sequences are not readily found therein. To overcome this problem, de novo sequencing can be used to directly assign a peptide sequence to a tandem mass spectrometry spectrum. Many algorithms have been proposed for de novo sequencing and a selection of them are detailed in this article. Although a standard accuracy measure has not been agreed upon in the field, relative algorithm performance is discussed. The current state of the de novo sequencing is assessed thereafter and, finally, examples are used to construct possible future perspectives of the field. © 2011 Expert Reviews Ltd.Book Review Andrew Ryder, Marius Taba and Nidhi Trehan (editors) (2021) Romani Communities and Transformative Change: a New Social Europe.(Uluslararası Kıbrıs Üniversitesi, 2021) Uştuk, OzanAndrew Ryder, Marius Taba ve Nidhi Trehan’ın editörlüklerini yaptıkları Romani Communities and Transformative Change [Roman Toplulukları ve Dönüşümsel Değişim] (2021), Roman Çalışmaları alanında Avrupa eksenindeki güncel tartışmaları eleştirel bir kavrayışla ele alan önemli bir metindir. Corvinus Üniversitesi’nde Sosyoloji Doçenti olarak çalışan Andrew Ryder Roman Eğitim Fonu’nun yönetim kurulu üyesidir. Ryder, yerel düzeyde Roman aktivizmine gönül vermiş ve 2004 yılında Liberty Human Rights ödülü alan Gypsy and Traveller Law Reform Coalition’da görev almıştır. Bucharest Üniversitesinden Sosyoloji Doktoru ünvanını alan Marius Taba, 15 yılı aşkın süreyle uluslararası ve yerel düzeylerde Romanlara yönelik politika geliştirme ve eğitim reformları başta olmak üzere sayısız projeye katkıda bulunmuştur. Siyaset sosyolojisi alanında çalışan Nidhi Trehan, doktora çalışmasını London School of Economics and Political Science ve doktora sonrası çalışmasını University College London’da tamamlamıştır. 1996’dan beri insan hakları, sosyal politika ve eğitim alanlarında aktif olarak çalışan Trehan, Avrupa’daki Roman topluluklarına yönelik insan hakları ve sivil toplum ve sosyal hareketler konularında yayınlar yapmaktadır.Article Citation - WoS: 8Citation - Scopus: 11Application of Low Intensity Mechanical Vibrations for Bone Tissue Maintenance and Regeneration(TÜBİTAK, 2016) Ölçüm, Melis; Baskan, Öznur; Karadaş, Özge; Özçivici, EnginPhysical exercise is beneficial for bone tissue health, yet its usage is limited for preventing osteoporosis. Even though natural for the bone tissue from development to homeostasis, mechanical loads present with a multitude of physical parameters, including amplitude, duration, frequency, and distribution. Utilizing the most beneficial parameters of mechanical loads may potentiate a nonpharmaceutical tool for biotechnology to prevent and treat bone loss related to aging, bedrest, sedentary lifestyles, weightlessness, and other diseases. Low intensity vibrations (LIVs) consist of mechanical loads with amplitudes smaller than loads prescribed by habitual activity, with a higher frequency. In this review, literature covering LIV signal application on bone tissue and cellular and molecular level is presented. Studies indicate that LIV signals are safe, anabolic, and anticatabolic for skeletal tissue and are of great significance in regenerative medicine applications.Article Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 1Approaches To Optimization for Movable Shading Systems: a Review of Optimization Methods and Tools(Znack Publishing House, 2021) Keskinel, Yeşim; İlal, Mustafa EmreStudies show that movable shading systems have lots of benefits for building performance. Minimizing energy consumption and maximizing daylight usage are natural expectations when using these systems. To find optimal solutions for these systems, different methods have been used. Today, optimization methods are used to solve this problem. In the literature, there are few studies about optimization of movable shading systems. This paper aims to identify different movable shading systems, optimization types, and computational optimization tools that are used. Research findings and future projections based on the reviewed papers are summarized.Article Citation - WoS: 2Arazi Kullanım - Ulaşım Planlaması Bütünlüğünde Uyum için Model Önerisi(TMMOB Şehir Plancıları Odası, 2018) Duvarcı, Yavuz; Alver, YalçınHer ne kadar kuramda ulaşım planlama ile arazi kullanım (nazım imar) planlama rutinlerinin birbirleriyle eşgüdüm ve uyum içinde hareket etmeleri gerektiği belirtilse de pratikte bunun pek gerçekleşemediği görülmüştür. Bu derleme çalışmasında özellikle olması gerektiği belirtilen uyumun gerçekleşememesinin ardındaki nedenler araştırılmış ve bunun nasıl sağlanabileceğine odaklanılmıştır. Sorunun kökeninde ise iki disiplinin birbirini takip eder ve benzer parametreleri paylaşır olmalarına karşın iki ayrı planlama alanı biçiminde ayrı prosedürler halinde planlamayı gerçekleştirmeye çalışmaları bulunmuştur. Ancak ideal durum olan (a) aynı anda birlikte planlamanın tek plan çalışması olarak gerçekleştirilmesi pratikte fazlaca uygulanabilir bulunmamış, yine, (b) aynı anda farklı planlama eylemleri olarak gerçekleştirilmeleri ve eş güdümlü olarak birbirlerinden beslenmeleri veri alışverişini aynı anda olanaksız kıldığından, genelde (c) ulaşım planlaması ile arazi kullanım planlamasının farklı zamanlarda birbirini takip eden ayrı planlama alanları olarak ortaya çıkması kaçınılmaz hale gelmektedir. Söz konusu ardışık ayrı (c türü) planlama eylem alanlarının temel sorunu ise birbirini karşılıklı besleyen bir döngü gibi görünse de uygulamada birbirine uyumlu gittikleri yalnızca ilkesel düzeyde kalmakta, retorikten öteye geçememektedir. Pratikte geçerli olan c türündeki uyumun sözde bir iyi niyet belirtisi olarak kalmaması ve gerçek uyumlandırmanın sağlanması için iki planlama alanının birbirini aktif olarak karşılıklı kontrol etmesi şartı aranmalıdır. Bu tür bir ilişki şemasının tesisinde, bir alanın (örneğin ulaşım planlamanın) politika hedeflerinin öteki alanın tanımlı çıktılarına (performans ölçütleri) uyumluluğu ve somut değerlerin belirlenen hedef değer aralıklarında çıkması gözetilmelidir. Bunlar somut kriterlere dönüştürülerek, modelleme çalışmalarında özellikle simülasyonlarda gözlenebilir sonuçlar üzerinden başarımları kontrol edilmelidir.Article Citation - WoS: 20Citation - Scopus: 23Are There Really Conformal Frames? Uniqueness of Affine Inflation(World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte Ltd, 2018-07) Azri, HemzaHere, we concisely review the nonminimal coupling dynamics of a single scalar field in the context of purely affine gravity and extend the study to multifield dynamics. The coupling is performed via an affine connection and its associated curvature without referring to any metric tensor. The latter arises a posteriori and it may gain an emergent character like the scale of gravity. What is remarkable in affine gravity is the transition from nonminimal to minimal couplings which is realized by only field redefinition of the scalar fields. Consequently, the inflationary models gain a unique description in this context where the observed parameters, like the scalar tilt and the tensor-to-scalar ratio, are invariant under field reparametrization. Overall, gravity in its affine approach is expected to reveal interesting and rich phenomenology in cosmology and astroparticle physics.Article Citation - WoS: 72Citation - Scopus: 79Aspartic Proteinases From Mucor Spp. in Cheese Manufacturing(Springer Verlag, 2011) Yeğin, Sırma; Fernandez-Lahore, Marcelo; Jose Gama Salgado, Antonio; Güvenç, Ulgar; Göksungur, Yekta; Tarı, CananFilamentous fungi belonging to the order of Mucorales are well known as producers of aspartic proteinases depicting milk-clotting activity. The biosynthesis level, the biochemical characteristics, and the technological properties of the resulting proteinases are affected by the producer strain and the mode of cultivation. While the milk-clotting enzymes produced by the Rhizomucor spp. have been extensively studied in the past, much less is known on the properties and potential applications of the aspartic proteinases obtained for Mucor spp. Indeed, several Mucor spp. strains have been reported as a potential source of milk-clotting enzymes having unique technological properties. Both submerged fermentation and solid substrate cultivation are proven alternatives for the production of Mucor spp. aspartic proteinases. This review provides an overview on the bioprocessing routes to obtain large amounts of these enzymes, on their structural characteristics as related to their functional properties, and on their industrial applications with focus on cheese manufacturing.Review Citation - WoS: 10Citation - Scopus: 10Authentication of Vinegars With Targeted and Non-Targeted Methods(Taylor & Francis, 2023) Çavdaroğlu, Çağrı; Çavdaroğlu, Çağrı; Özen, Banu; Özen, Fatma BanuThere has been a growing interest in vinegar, especially after the increasing reports about its beneficial health effects. Bioactive compounds of vinegar are associated with its antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antitumor, and anti-obesity types of activities. Quality of vinegar is related with the authenticity of the product besides the amounts of bioactive compounds in its composition. Addition of cheaper substitutes to higher quality vinegars and false labeling are some common authentication problems for this product. There are various examples of the use of targeted and untargeted methods in authentication studies for vinegars. Specific constituents and properties of vinegars such as molecular isotope ratios and individual volatile compounds were used to detect adulteration with targeted methods. On the other hand, untargeted methods, mostly in the form of the application of spectroscopic techniques, such as infrared and fluorescence spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics, provide an overall measurement. This review mainly focuses on adulteration types and elaborates on different targeted and non-targeted methods used to authenticate vinegars.Review Citation - WoS: 22Citation - Scopus: 26Bacillus Cereus: a Review of “fried Rice Syndrome” Causative Agents(Academic Press, 2023) Leong, Sui Sien; King, Jie Hung; Korel, Figen“Fried rice syndrome” originated from the first exposure to a fried rice dish contaminated with Bacillus cereus. This review compiles available data on the prevalence of B. cereus outbreak cases that occurred between 1984 and 2019. The outcome of B. cereus illness varies dramatically depending on the pathogenic strain encounter and the host's immune system. B. cereus causes a self-limiting, diarrheal illness caused by heat-resistant enterotoxin proteins, and an emetic illness caused by the deadly toxin named cereulide. The toxins together with their extrinsic factors are discussed. The possibility of more contamination of B. cereus in protein-rich food has also been shown. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the available data, focusing mainly on B. cereus physiology as the causative agent for “fried rice syndrome.” This review emphasizes the prevalence of B. cereus in starchy food contamination and outbreak cases reported, the virulence of both enterotoxins and emetic toxins produced, and the possibility of contaminated in protein-rich food. The impact of emetic or enterotoxin-producing B. cereus on public health cannot be neglected. Thus, it is essential to constantly monitor for B. cereus contamination during food handling and hygiene practices for food product preparation. © 2023 Elsevier LtdReview Bergamot (citrus Bergamia), a (poly)phenol-Rich Source for Improving Osteosarcopenic Obesity: a Systematic Review(Mdpi, 2024) Mazzola, Giuseppe; Rondanelli, Mariangela; Baron, Giovanna; Zupo, Roberta; Castellana, Fabio; Clodoveo, Maria Lisa; Perna, SimoneThis systematic review investigates the potential of bergamot, a polyphenol-rich citrus fruit, in improving osteosarcopenic obesity, a condition characterized by the simultaneous presence of osteoporosis, obesity, and sarcopenia. Bergamot extracts have been suggested to possess several pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which could be useful in the management of age-related diseases and neuromuscular health. The review highlights the promising effects of bergamot extracts on skeletal muscle mass and function, particularly in the context of obesity, metabolic syndrome, osteosarcopenic obesity, and osteoporosis. Furthermore, some studies have shown that bergamot extracts can improve the metabolic balance, endothelial function, and maximal oxygen uptake in athletes, highlighting their potential benefits for skeletal muscle health. Taken together, these results suggest that bergamot extracts, especially those rich in polyphenols, may be a valuable adjunct in the management of osteosarcopenic obesity and other associated clinical conditions involving pro-inflammatory effects on organs and tissues.Review Citation - WoS: 7Citation - Scopus: 7Beyond Boundaries: What Makes a Community Resilient? a Systematic Review(Elsevier, 2024) Gungor, Melisa; Elburz, ZeynepCommunity resilience is an essential paradigm in an age marked by unprecedented natural and anthropocentric risks. This study aims to examine and re-interpret the main dimensions, indicators, methods, and indexes used in the community resilience discourse. For this purpose, we used The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework to analyse a total number of 47 articles in the period between 2010 and 2023 (August) in the Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Findings show that social, economic, physical, and community capital dimensions are commonly preferred for measuring community resilience. Education level, income, PVA (Potentially Vulnerable Areas), medical capacity, and community networks are widely used as indicators. Although social, economic, and physical dimensions and indicators are commonly used, our empirical results demonstrate these stereotyped dimensions and indicators do not exhibit significant relationships for investigating community resilience. On the other hand, community networks and place attachment as indicators of community capital show substantial correlations. This incongruity uncovers the complex dynamics of community resilience by highlighting the importance of capital-based dimensions and the area-specific paradigm shift in selecting indicators.Article Citation - WoS: 7Citation - Scopus: 10Biotechnology for Enhanced Nutritional Quality in Plants(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2013-09) Uncu, Ayşe Özgür; Doğanlar, Sami; Frary, AnneWith almost 870 million people estimated to suffer from chronic hunger worldwide, undernourishment represents a major problem that severely affects people in developing countries. In addition to undernourishment, micronutrient deficiency alone can be a cause of serious illness and death. Large portions of the world population rely on a single, starch-rich crop as their primary energy source and these staple crops are generally not rich sources of micronutrients. As a result, physical and mental health problems related to micronutrient deficiencies are estimated to affect around two billion people worldwide. The situation is expected to get worse in parallel with the expanding world population. Improving the nutritional quality of staple crops seems to be an effective and straightforward solution to the problem. Conventional breeding has long been employed for this purpose but success has been limited to the existing diversity in the gene pool. However, biotechnology enables addition or improvement of any nutrient, even those that are scarce or totally absent in a crop species. In addition, biotechnology introduces speed to the biofortification process compared to conventional breeding. Genetic engineering was successfully employed to improve a wide variety of nutritional traits over the last decade. In the present review, progress toward engineering various types of major and minor constituents for the improvement of plant nutritional quality is discussed. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.Book Review Book Review: Post-Rational Planning: a Solutions-Oriented Call To Justice(SAGE Publications, 2023) Özdemir, Esin[No abstract available]Article Citation - WoS: 34Citation - Scopus: 39Boron Carbon Nitride Nanosheets in Water and Wastewater Treatment: a Critical Review(Elsevier, 2022-07) Recepoğlu, Yaşar Kemal; Gören, Ayşegül Yağmur; Vatanpour, Vahid; Yoon, Yeojoon; Khataee, AlirezaThe availability and accessibility of clean and secure water supplies are pressing technological and scientific issues worldwide. As a result of global water constraints, wastewater treatment and reuse are being evaluated as feasible alternatives to fresh water for agricultural irrigation and domestic and industrial purposes. Boron carbon nitride (BCN) nanosheets have been studied intensively in the last decade in batteries, biosensors, and capacitors, and for use as catalysts, and they have recently been used in wastewater treatment. BCN materials, along with their synthesis processes, characteristics, and application areas in water and wastewater treatment, are discussed thoroughly in this paper. Additionally, synthesis processes for ternary BCN compounds, including chemical vapor deposition, ion beam-aided deposition, magnetron sputtering, and pulsed laser deposition, are described. BCN materials have also been explored because of their flexible electrical features, excellent mechanical strength, outstanding unreactivity, and significant stability, which make them appropriate for a range of severe environment applications. Thus, the use of BCN materials as photocatalysts and adsorbents and in electrochemical reduction and capacitive deionization are also discussed thoroughly. The highest ammonia production of 172,226.5 μg/h.mg.cat and faradic efficiency of 95.3% have been obtained using the BCN@Cu/CNT catalyst, whereas the ammonia production and FE values for metal-free BCN are 7.75 μg/h.mg.cat and 13.8%. Moreover, the maximum attained adsorption capacities of BCN nanosheets for Pb2+ and Hg2+ are 210 and 625 mg/g, respectively. Overall, this review indicates that essential work on BCN nanosheets is still needed. Future research should focus on the development of BCN nanostructures to encourage multidisciplinary research.Review Citation - WoS: 5Citation - Scopus: 5Breast Cancer Immunity: It Is Time for the Next Chapter(Cold Spring Harbor Lab Press, Publications dept, 2024) Quail, Daniela F.; Park, Morag; Welm, Alana L.; Ekiz, H. AtakanOur ability to interrogate the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) at an ever-increasing granularity has uncovered critical determinants of disease progression. Not only do we now have a better understanding of the immune response in breast cancer, but it is becoming possible to leverage key mechanisms to effectively combat this disease. Almost every component of the immune system plays a role in enabling or inhibiting breast tumor growth. Building on early seminal work showing the involvement of T cells and macrophages in controlling breast cancer progression and metastasis, single-cell genomics and spatial proteomics approaches have recently expanded our view of the TIME. In this article, we provide a detailed description of the immune response against breast cancer and examine its heterogeneity in disease subtypes. We discuss preclinical models that enable dissecting the mechanisms responsible for tumor clearance or immune evasion and draw parallels and distinctions between human disease and murine counterparts. Last, as the cancer immunology field is moving toward the analysis of the TIME at the cellular and spatial levels, we highlight key studies that revealed previously unappreciated complexity in breast cancer using these technologies. Taken together, this article summarizes what is known in breast cancer immunology through the lens of translational research and identifies future directions to improve clinical outcomes.
